cos-mog-ony /kDz'mDgani; NAmE ka:z'ma:g-/ noun [U] the part of science that deals with how the universe and the solar system began cos mog raphy /kDz'mngrafi; NAmEkaiz'maig-/ noun [U] the part of science that deals with the general features of the earth and the universe cos-mol ogy /kDz'mnladsi; NAmE ka:z'ma:l-/ noun [Uj the scientific study of the universe and its origin and development ^ ® ^ ► cosmo logic al /,kDzma'lDd3ikl; NAmE ,ka:zma'la:d3-/ adj. cos-molo-gist /kDz'mnlad3ist; NAmE ka:z'ma:l-/ noun

cosmo-naut /'kDzmanoit; NAmE 'ka:z-/ noun an astronaut from the former Soviet Union ( fj A I£ (HJ) AM M, MAM, A£A

cosmo pol itan /.kozma'pDlitan; NAmE ,ka:zma'pa:l-/ adj., noun

a adj. (approving) 1 containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by their culture tHJMSiM; X#SAW;

it P)bJ : a cosmopolitan city/resort [H /

ft; o The club has a cosmopolitan atmosphere.

2 having or showing a wide experience of people and things from many different countries t£fcfcHX^PllC&7A ( ) W;

E M # ® ; JALiRT^J: people with a truly cosmopol

itan outlook i IE A X ftt I?- A A 0 cosmopolitan young people E^iRA A

* noun a person who has experience of many different parts of the world JWliSJtttJ'P-W A: She’s a real cosmopolitan. m&'tK&mmimmXo cos mos /'knzmns; NAmE 'kaizmous; -mas/ the cosmos noun [sing ] the universe, especially when it is thought of as an ordered system ( ) X

W: the structure of the cosmos X A (ft o our place in the cosmos

cos-set /'knsit; NAmE 'ka:s-/ verb [VN] (often disapproving) to treat sb with a lot of care and give them a lot of attention, sometimes too much Enfl

PAMPER

COSt 0"w /kDst; NAmE ko:st/ noun, verb mnoun 1 [C, U] the amount of money that you need in order to buy, make or do sth ^ R]; the

highAow cost of housing Ev / 0 A new

computer system has been installed at a cost of £80 000. if Wit MSlJ&tilZ&m, 8 77^0 o The plan

had to be abandoned on grounds of cost. itb it $] M it ft o 0 We did not even make enough money to cover the cost of the food, -flc if] # A S A 7&

|p„ o Consumers will have to bear the full cost of these pay increases. W

o 0 The total cost to you (= the amount you have to pay) is £3 000. ifc & W- A if 3 000 A |§ ₀ o note at price 2 costs [pi.] the total amount of money that needs to be spent by a business JAA: The use of cheap labour helped to keep costs down.

W fft f I# [ft A o o to cut/reduce costs (ft A A o running/operating/labour costs 1fjs/^§/AXj$A 0 We have had to raise our prices because of rising costs.

3 [U, sing.] the

effort, loss or damage that is involved in order to do or achieve sth ( A«i«Xlft ) &A, ttifr, the

terrible cost of the war in death and suffering J&lftXXXii^^lft'i#l£ft;'ffr 0 the environmental cost of nuclear power O' She saved him from

the fire but at the cost of her own life (= she died), h&jf i 0 Heworked

non-stop for three months, at considerable cost to his health,

0 I felt a need to please people, whatever the cost in time and energy. ifcH&PJ—

|£A0|RlRDff A^X^rAlto 4 costs (NAmE also 'court costs) [pi ] the sum of money that sb is ordered to pay for lawyers, etc. in a legal case iR R] : He was ordered to pay £2 000 costs. 2 000

A H o IT*17n at all cost/costs whatever is needed to achieve sth You must stop the press from

finding out at all costs. Alt-

BfEfiXX at 'any cost under any circumstances Rtfffft

1#jftX; : He is determined to win at any cost.

ffe A 4> ft ife h #5* % M B. M o at ' cost for only the amount of money that is needed to make or get sth, without any profit being added on f£: goods sold at cost know/learn/

find sth to your 'cost to know sth because of sth unpleasant that has happened to you RfiRiift'ffr ( IjJclA He’s a ruthless businessman, as I know to my cost. X M fife Ji X A If(ft® A₀

— more at count v.

SYNONYMS HAlSlIlftfr

costs

spending * expenditure ♦ expenses ♦ outlay ♦ outgoings

These are all words for money spent by a government, an organization or a person.

^AAiftXA. aha m

costs the total amount of money that needs to be spent by a business jtAX: labour/production costs AX / o rising costs XXir.iflftAA

spending the amount of money that \i spent, especially by a government or an organization fttfk A*. public spending

•&&?fA o More spending on health was promised.

expenditure (rather formal) an amount of money spent by a government, an organization or a person

M^AAlftAA. Aft, £«: expenditure on education

expenses money that has to be spent by a person or an organization; money that you spend while you are working which your employer will pay back to you

later ^AA^m^^^wxA,

legal expenses Xlffp# o travel expenses ||ipft outlay the money that you have to spend in order to start a new business or project, or in order to save yourself money or time later (ft TfA, :

The best equipment is costly but is well worth the

outlay. imm-famm*

outgoings (BrE) the regular costs that a person or business has, such as rent and electricity AAsStX

PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS

■ spending/expenditure/outlay on sth

■ high/low/total/overall costs/spending/expenditure/ expenses/outlay/outgoings

m capital costs/spending/expenditure/expenses/outlay m government/public/education/health costs/ spending/expenditure

■ household costs/spending/expenditure/expenses/ outgoings

■ to increase/reduce costs/spending/expenditure/ expenses/the outlay/outgoings

■ verb (cost, cost) i:uia In sense 4 costed is used for the past tense and past participle. 4 AWMAAfOMA X is] costed _D 1 if sth costs a particular amount of money, you need to pay that amount in order to buy, make or do it A : [VN] How much did it

cost? 0 I didn’t get it because it cost

too much. H ASPXM A^p^Xc^Ao o Tickets cost ten dollars each, A Atci o Calls to the helpline

cost 38p per minute. 38 {g±₀

0 Don’t use too much of it—it cost a lot of money. iiX 0 Ig m , A H % A h o o All these reforms will cost money (= be expensive). O

Good food need not cost a fortune (= cost a lot of money). O [VNN] The meal

cost us about £40. 7 3SCI & 40 o This is