554
causes problems困难；难题；难事；困境：the d职cuZries o/£ng〖is/i syntax 英语句法难点◊ chiWren
vvi't/i severe Zearnfng diJ^cuZties 学习上有严i：困难的孩子
0
WeVe run into difficulties/dijficulty with the new project.我们在这项新工程中遇到了难题。◊ He got into difficulties
while swimming and had to be rescued.
泳时遇险，只好靠人营救。◊Thebanfcismdijg^cuZty/
dijgficuities.这家银行处境困难。◊ Jt w〇5 a time介aug/it w油d断cuZries and_/hi5trarion.这是一个充满困难和挫
折的时兩。2 [U]
the state or quality of being ifiard to do or to understand; the effort that
sth involves 艰难；
困难；费劲；辛苦：J had considerable d断cuity finj persuading
her to Zeave.我费了好大的劲说威她离开。
◊
J had no d浙cuZfy ffnj making myseZ/ understood•我毫 不费力地表达了自己的意思。◊ The changes were made wfth su/prisingfy
Hfrfe dij〇fiicu〖fy.这些变化几乎没有遇到
阻力，痛直不可思议。◊ He spofce
sZcnWy and with great di所ciiity.他话说得很慢，而且很吃力。◊We/mmdthe house
without di所cu^y.我们轻而易举就找到了这栋房
子。◊ They
discussed the (iij^cuZty 〇/ studying
abroad 他们讨论了到国外学习的困杂。IlliHJ You cannot say ‘have
difficulty to do sth’ ： I
had di^teaity' te -peFSimde her to leave.禾能说 have
difficulty to do sth。不作 I had difficulty to
persuade her to leave. 3 [U] how hard sth is 困难程i;条度：varying Zevek 〇/dij六cuZty不同的难度
◊
quesrio/is 〇/increasing d妨cu〖fy难虔不断增加的问题
dif
fi-dent /'difidant/
adj. ~ (about sth) not having much
confidence in yourself; not
wanting to talk about your- self缺乏自信的；胆怯的；羞怯的gaasHY: ad访H- dent manner/smfie畏首畏尾的态度；羞怯的一笑◊ He was
modest and diffident about his own success,
虚，不愿谈及自己的成功。► dif.fi.dence /-dans/ now/? [U]： She overcame her
natural diffidence and spoke with great介cmfcness.她克服了胆怯的毛病，非常坦率地说出了
自己南想法。dif.fi.dent.ly adv.
SYNONYMS同义词辨析
difficult
hard ♦ challenging ♦ demanding ♦ taxing ♦ testing
These words all describe sth that is not
easy and requires a lot of effort or skHI to .do.以上各词均形容事 情困难、费力、难做。
difficult not easy; needing effort or skill to do or
understand指困难的、费力的、难做的、难懂的： exam questions were quite
difficult.考题相当难。◊ It
is difficult for young people to find jobs around here.年轻
人要在附近找到工作很难。
hard not easy; needing effort or skill to do or understand指困难的、费力的、难做的、难懂的：
I
always found languages quite hard at school.在学校读 书时我总觉得语言很难学。◊ /f vras one 〇/t/7e hflrt/esf 汸//7毋/ ever (M这是我做过的最难的事情之一。
DIFFICULT OR HARD?用 difficult 还是 hard ?
Hard is slightly less formal than difficult. It is used particularly in the structure hard to believe/say/find/take, etc., although difficult can atso be used in any of these examples. * hard
较 difficult
稍非正式，主要甩于 hard
to believe/say/fmd/take等结构中，不过difficult赤可用于 上述结构。
challenging (approving) difficult in an interesting way that tests
your ability指困难而有意思的、有挑战性
的、考验能力的
demanding difficult to do or deal with and needing a
lot of effort，skill or patience指要求高的、需要高技能
或耐性的、费力的：It is a technically demanding
piece o/mws/c to p/fly. ^奏这一段音乐需要有很高的技i。 taxing (often used in negative statements) difficult to do
and needing a lot of mental or physical effort (常 用于否定句）指繁重的、费力的、伤脑筋的：7»/s shouldn’t be too taxing for you.後对你来说不室无袁: 费劲。
diffract /di'fraekt/ verb [VN] (physics
#j) to break up a stream of light into a series of dark and light bands or into
the different colours of the spectrum (使光束）
衍射► dif.frac.tion /di’fraekj'n/ /7〇w/? [U]
diffuse adj., verb
◊
/di'Qu:s/ 1 spread over a wide area 弥漫的；扩散
的；漫射的：d()^use 〖ight 漫射光◊ a community
居住分散的社_ 2 not clear
or easy to understand; using a lot of words不清楚的；难解品；宂长的；啰唆
的：a 〇/ writing
冗赞的文体► diffuse-ly
adv. dif-fuse-ness noun [U]
◊
verb /di'fjurz/ 1 (formal) to spread sth or
become spread widely in all directions 传播；普及；使分散；散布：[VN] The problem is
how to diffuse power without creating anarchy.问题在于如何将权力分散而不造成无政府状态。
◊ [V] Technotogies di加se rapicHy•技术普及非常快。
2 [V，VN] (tor/7/i/'〇7/ 术语）if a gas or liquid
diffuses or is diffused in a substance, it becomes slowly mixed with that
substance (使气体或液体）扩散，弥漫，渗透3 [VN] (formal) to make light shine
less brightly by spreading it in many directions (使光）模糊，漫射，漫散：77ie moon was fuller than the night before, but the
light was d_ecibydou(t月亮比头一天晚上更圆，但因云层遮掩
而月光朦叔。► diffu.sion /di'Qu:3n/ [U]
diffu-ser /di'Qu:z0(r)/ noun 1 a device used in
photography to avoid dark shadows or areas which are too bright (摄影用的）漫射体，柔光镜2 a part that is
attached to a hairdryer to spread
the hot air around the head and dry the hair more gently (吹风机的）散
，嘴
dig ^ /dig/ verb, noun
(cMg-ging,
dug, dug /dAg/)
1 ~ (for sth) to make a hole in the ground or to move soil from one place to
another using your hands, a tool or a machine 掘 (地 >
;凿（洞）；挖（土）： [V】to dig/or coai/goZ^/ Roman remains挖煤；采掘黄金；掘地探寻古罗马遗迹◊ They dug
deeper and deeper but still found nothing.
testing difficult to deal with and needing particular strength or abilities指棘手的、伤脑筋的、难应付的:
/f vws a fest/ng
t/me/or ws fl//.对我们大家来说，这是一
段伤透脑筋的时间。
DEMANDING,
TAXING OR TESTING?用 demanding、 taxing 还是 testing
?
Demanding
is the strongest of these words and
describes tasks and experiences. It is often used with more or most or an adverb that says in what way the
activity is difficult. Taxing is used particularly
in negative statements and to talk about problems or tasks that need (or do not
need) mental effort. Testing describes
experiences but not tasks and is used particularly with time, week or year. * demanding 词中谌气最强的，描述任务和经历，常与more、most或
表示某方面有困难的副词连用。taxing主要用于否定 句，指需要/不需要伤脑筋的问题或任务。testing描述 经历而非任务，主要与time、week或year连用。
PATTERNS
AND COLLOCATIONS
◊
difficult/hard/challenging/demanding/taxing/testing
for sb
◊
difficult/hard
to do sth
◊
a
difficult/hard/challenging/demanding/taxing/testing time/week/year
◊
to be/become/get/find
sth difficult/hard/challenging/
demanding/taxing/testing
◊
very/extremely/really/rather/quite difficult/hard/ challenging/demanding/taxing/testing
◊
physically difficult/hard/challenging/demanding/
taxing
◊
technically difficult/challenging/demanding
k mentally/intellectually challenging/demanding/ taxing
a academically
challenging/demanding