CAUSED BY & T 1 [not before noun] ~ to sth/sb caused by sb/sth; because of sb/sth & 7 ; @ X : The team's success was largely due to her efforts. ;&7fAft

o Most of the problems were due to human error. £$|ftf£3l$JiA7llii£jtJ&ft o 0 The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of govern­ment funding.

iiiijlJ Some people think that it is more correct to use owing to to mean ‘because of after a verb or at the beginning of a clause, as due is an adjective. WAiAA owingto “0A”

@Adue

                EXPECTED MW\ 2 [not before noun] ~ (to do sth) | ~ (for

sth) arranged or expected MA;  Mif: When’s

the baby due?   o Rose is due to start

school in January. — M {ftMMjTitp±¥To 0 The band’s first album is due for release later this month.

o The next

train is due in five minutes. T —

IS; ii o o (especially NAmE) My essay’s due next Friday (= it has to be given to the teacher by then). I^ftifeic

                OWED X 3 [not usually before noun] when a sum of money is due, it must be paid immediately 3\ $] : Payment is due on 1 October. ft Ifc H Rt 10 FI 1 0 „

4 [not before noun] ~ (to sb) owed to sb as a debt, because it is their right or because they have done sth to deserve it       f&£q7; jSjQ7: Have they been

paid the money that is due to them? IMT f & # ft

IH 7 ®r? 0 Our thanks are due to the whole team. ficft icft#k3£iJto 5 [not before noun] ~ (for) sth owed sth; deserving sth A#; l&jff!]: I’m still due 15 day’s leave.

15 Aftff flL 0 She’s due for promotion soon.

mmtimfcT

                SUITABLE/RIGHT ; #jg 6 [only before noun] (format) that is suitable or right in the circumstances if ^ ft;

^ ft ; : After due consideration, we have

decided to appoint Mr Davis to the job. Milii ^ #JEt,

o to make due

allowance for sth       0 (BrE) He was charged

with driving without due care and attention,

— compare undue

yf>T771 in ,due 'course at the right time and not before fe it ^ ft BtM; 3\—/ji ft BtM: Your request will be dealt with in due course. 4ftl?j£#£it^ft — more at respect n.

                  noun 1 your/sb’s ~ [u] a thing that should be given to

sb by right J§ZWftf£fJ; tM.%%   He received a

large reward, which was no more than his due (= than what he deserved). &'tElkftfeJSZ-i£;f#5!]ft

o She’s a slow worker, but to give her her due (= to be fair to her), she does try very hard. MjftlpffSIf, {lift7) A it      2 dues [pi.] charges, for

example to be a member of a club

ff) : to pay your dues 3cffcft c> note at rate

*                  adv. ~ north/south/east/west exactly; in a straight line

IE ft; JE^Ir: to sail due east ftlEAMEr 0 The village lies five miles due north of York.      f£     IE tt.

E£M&„

,due ‘date noun [usually sing.] the date on or by which sth, especially a sum of money, is owed or expected

(x^xm.®) mm,

duel /’djural; NAmE ‘duial/ noun 1 a formal fight with weapons between two people, used in the past to settle a disagreement, especially over a matter of honour X if: to fight/win a duel Wfj / US##: 7 o to challenge sb to a duel        2 a competition or struggle

between two people or groups ( KAW )       4*#-:

a verbal duel Hr fife ► duel verb (-II-, NAmE -I-):       [V] The

two men duelled to the death. MAI! A#7S!J]IlM# — AA«r<

duelling /'djuialirj/ (BrE) (NAmE du-el-ing /NAmE 'duialirj/) noun [U] the practice of fighting duels ##-

,due 'process of law (also ,due process) noun [U] (law W) (in the US) the right of a citizen to be treated fairly, especially the right to a fair trial

duet /dju'et; NAmE du'et/ (also less frequent duo) noun a piece of music for two players or singers ~1 Jr H

( ft ) ; :dltPi ( ft ) : a piano duet — It# ft — compare solo, trio duff /dAf/ adj., noun, verb

                adj. (BrE, informal) useless; that does not work as it

should Affi ft; A^.ft; iESfc^ft: He sold me a duff radio.        &7f$ft»tfte7/lo

a noun (NAmE, informal) a person’s bottom MIS;

                verb iMtiilH ,duff sb~'up (BrE, informal) to hit or kick sb severely ^7; SiH; ipfj SHU beat up

duffel bag (also duffle bag) /'dAf! baeg/ noun 1 (BrE) a bag made out of cloth, shaped like a tube and closed by a string around the top. It is usually carried over the shoulder.       ) 2 (NAmE) = holdall

duffel coat (also duffle coat) /'dAfl kaut; NAmE kout/ noun a heavy coat made of wool, that usually has a hood and is fastened with toggles ( 'fit's'll

mtmm a)

duffer /‘dAf9(r)/ noun (BrE, informal) a person who is stupid or unable to do anything well        XX

mx

dug pt, pp Of DIG

du-gong /'duigra); ‘dju:-; NAmE 'duigoirj; -ga:r)/ noun a large sea animal with thick greyish skin, which lives mainly in the Indian Ocean and eats plants MS., MX () dug-out /'dAgaut/ noun 1 a rough shelter made by digging a hole in the ground and covering it, used by soldiers    2 a shelter by the side of a

football (soccer) or baseball field where a team’s manager, etc. can sit and watch the game ^ S ( A

) 3 (also

.dugout ca'noe) a canoe (= a type of light narrow boat) made by cutting out the inside of a tree trunk

3&A#

DUI /,di: ju: 'ai/ abbr. (NAmE) = driving under the

INFLUENCE

duke /dju:k; NAmE du:k/ noun 1 a nobleman of the highest rank X gf: the Duke of Edinburgh 2 (in some parts of Europe, especially in the past) a male ruler of a small independent state ( X IH ft-

gfc M bP X K /f X H ft ) © X. — see also archduke,

DUCHESS, DUCHY, GRAND DUKE duke-dom /'djuikdam; NAmE 'du:k-/ noun 1 the rank or position of a duke £i#ft IH&; ^-^ft^fAt 2 = duchy dulce /'dAlsei/ noun [C, U] (US) a sweet food or drink,

especially a sweet or jam St#; StiA$-

dul-cet /'dAlsit/ adj. [only before noun] (humorous or ironic) sounding sweet and pleasant StUft;  ft; H

ft: I thought I recognized your dulcet tones (= the sound of your voice). ® U        ^ iE T # 3P St II ft 1

dul -ci-mer /'dAlsima(r)/ noun 1 a musical instrument that you play by hitting the metal strings with two hammers X&iW; P2a musical instrument with strings, popular in American traditional music, that you lay on your knee and play with your fingers jj| ^

(Y::

dull 0-w /dAl/ adj., verb

                adj. (dull-er, dull-est)

                  BORING 1 not interesting or exciting

AWft; #A^EKft ^3771 dreary: Life in a small town could be deadly dull. /fi^^ft^tS of So 0 The first half of the game was pretty dull. XXM [£!!£]'# + ft.iH    o 0 There’s never a dull moment

when John’s around. ifcE^^Tii^ftBt^o

o note at boring

                  LIGHT/COLOURS %■ 4^ 2 not bright or shiny

ft; 7#0Aft; AA#ft: a dull grey colour juft o dull, lifeless hair Alt#, A#'17 ft A A o Her eyes were dull. MS

                  SOUNDS PH 3 not clear or loud Eif $rft; Rlftft; fK '(Kft: The gates shut behind him with a dull thud. MtB

WEATHER A# 4 not bright, with a lot of clouds ffltH ft ; # Bh ft ; ^ A ft HS3 overcast : It was a dull, grey day. M-AITO tBtft 0 70