a graduate in history ffj

^±0a science graduate If±oa graduate of Yale/a Yale graduate IP # A ^ X ik £ 0 a graduate student/ course ®F'2££; WfltkWfl 2 (Mm£) a person who has completed their school studies ^ik£: a high school graduate AXXIkX o note at student

verb /‘graed3ueit/ 1 [V] ~ (in sth) | ~ (from ... ) to get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college     ( AHfXX ) ; AXXIk: Only

thirty students graduated in Chinese last year.

H XXXXmf'iXiO She graduated from Harvard this year. MAXXIkX^flfcAXo 0 He gradu­ated from York with a degree in Psychology, ffe-XikX£1J j£A^, o 2 [V] ~ (from ...) {NAmE) to

complete a course in education, especially at high school X ik ( X fn A X ) : Martha graduated from high school two years ago. i^ffcMXfyiiSXXiko 3 [VN] ~ sb (from sth) {NAmE) to give a degree, diploma, etc. to sb ^X ( A ) Xte (   ) : The college

graduated 50 students last year.        50 £X

lkA0 4 [V] ~ (from sth) to sth to start doing sth more difficult or important than what you were doing before litl (    iSH. ±X ) : She recently gradu­

ated from being a dancer to having a small role in a movie.

gradu ated /‘graed3ueitid/ adj. 1 divided into groups or levels on a scale       J; M #Uft: graduated

lessons/tests X 18.    i§. / # ist 2 (of a container or

measure § fl ^ M J8) marked with lines to show measurements jftW^'JJtifft EKd calibrated: a gradu­ated jar        Ufa

.Graduate .Management Ad'missions Test o

GMAT

'graduate school (also informal 'grad school) (both NAmE) noun a part of a college or university where you can study for a second or further degree ERfL'XXii

graduation /,graed3u'eijn/ noun 1 [U] the act of successfully completing a university degree, or studies at an American HiGH school (AX^clillliSjAlft ) X 'Ik: It was my first job after graduation. HPJIIfi'Xik/H 2 [U, C] a ceremony at which degrees, etc. are officially given out Xik:ftlL: graduation day XikAIL B o My whole family came to my graduation. ^^^AtPX#}jn7$i^Xikj||L 3 [c] = gradation (2) : The graduations are marked on the side of the flask.

Graeco- (NAmE usually Greco-) /'griikau-; NAmE -kou/ combining form (in adjectives fej is]) Greek # jjt

ift; #jHAlft; «H£lft

Graeco-Roman wrestling (NAmE usually .Greco- Roman 'wrestling) noun [U] a form of wrestling in which those taking part are not allowed to hold each other below the waist   'Sr&sS&lS! ( #

graffiti /gra'fnti/ noun [U, pi.] drawings or writing on a wall, etc. in a public place (    ) &

#7      j^L ili: The subway was covered in graffiti, ji U

graft /graift; NAmE graeft/ noun, verb

m noun 1 [C] a piece cut from a living plant and fixed in a cut made in another plant, so that it grows there; the process or result of doing this SH; MW 2 [C] a piece of skin, bone, etc. removed from a living body and placed in another part of the body which has been damaged; the process or result of doing this SH (ftj£ fife (    )'; &«: a skin graft mmJ&fc 3 [U]

(iBrE, informal) hard work ^H^fftXX: Their success was the result of years of hard graft. Ml

4 [U] (especially NAmE) the use of illegal or unfair methods, especially bribery, to gain advantage in business, politics, etc.; money obtained in this way

nm-, mm %m-,

mverb 1 [VN] - sth (onto/to/into sth) | ~ sth (on) (from sth) to take a piece of skin, bone, etc. from one part of the body and attach it to a damaged part ( ffcjjfc,

) : newly grafted tissue       o New skin

had to be grafted on from his back. flr,Aflk(ft#nPI£li§r

| 887

0       2 [VN] ~ sth (onto sth) to cut a piece from a

living plant and attach it to another plant MW 3 [VN] ~ sth (onto sth) to make one idea, system, etc. become part of another one ( &JS, AJ/f i ) J&A (     IP

ft ) ; |t |&: Old values are being grafted onto a new social class. 10          4 [v]

{BrE, informal) to work hard

graham cracker /'greiam kraeka(r)/ noun {NAmE) a slightly sweet rectangular biscuit/cookie made with WHOLEMEAL flour ( l&flf/Ejlt ) A

grail /greil/ (also the .Holy 'Grail) noun 1 [sing.] the cup or bowl believed to have been used by Jesus Christ before he died, that became a holy thing that people wanted to find     ) 2 [C] a

thing that you try very hard to find or achieve, but never will        ^AilAflTK^X

j&M)

grain 0-w /grein/ noun

1 [U, C] the small hard seeds of food plants such as wheat, rice, etc.; a single seed of such a plant

: America's grain exports H 0 Eft P 0 a few

grains of rice Jl A X—see also wholegrain — picture o cereal 2 [C] a small hard piece of particular substances fjji ; £0         : a grain of salt/

sand/sugar    3 [C] (used especially in

negative sentences A^X^^Al) a very small amount Ait; UK it; —,£UL SSHiota-. There isn’t a grain of truth in those rumours. UPlSig#—4 [C] a small unit of weight, equal to 0.00143 of a pound or 0.0648 of a gram, used for example for weighing medicines ( MX®, 0.00143    0.0648

ft, X  ) 5 [U] the natural direction of

lines in wood, cloth, etc. or of layers of rock; the pattern of lines that you can see (A. Xn^P&TTA^f (ft ) ‘X M : to cut a piece of wood along/across the

grain i&#AA;    AA£®#cWt

6 [U, C] how rough or smooth a surface feels ( ^ffi£ft ) MUfe; M : wood of coarse/fine grain M IS / Iffl (ft A A ITTlTTn be/go against the 'grain to be or do sth different from what is normal or natural j§|x.X3; X X#;          It really goes against

the grain to have to work on a Sunday. 11 $1 iftlX'S-'t'lfo

grained /greind/ adj. (of wood, stone, etc. A, X ^) 1 having noticeable lines or a pattern on the surface (ft 2 -grained having a texture of the type mentioned j^lte -lft: fine-grained stone jjtftyffl^ft^A grainy /'greini/ adj. 1 (especially of photographs AIhM It) not having completely clear images because they look as if they are made of a lot of small dots and marks WHi&W;  The film is shot in

grainy black and white.

ft 0 2 having a rough surface or containing small bits, seeds, etc. ^ffiffl.)|5a(ft; ^ffi(ft: grainy texture ffi

Mil!!

gram ^ /graem/ noun

1 {BrE also gramme) {abbr. g, gm) a unit for measuring weight. There are 1 000 grams in one kilogram. % ( Jr !!#-{£, 1 £-jf A 1 000 % ) 2 -gram a thing that is written or drawn ^ ( ^1[ ) (ftXM: telegram O hologram

gram-mar o-w /'graema(r)/ noun

1                  [U] the rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining them into sentences ; XU:: the basic rules of grammar 31A ill M M 0 English grammar ^ ig- iH ^ see also generative grammar

2                  [U] a person’s knowledge and use of a language ( A

His grammar is appalling, ilk

0 bad grammar

ffiisA 3 [C] a book containing a description of the rules of a language : a French grammar gram mar ian /gra'mearian; NAmE -'mer-/ noun a person who is an expert in the study of grammar

'grammar school noun 1 (in Britain, especially in the past) a school for young people between the ages of 11