noun [U, sing.] ： hardening 〇/ the arteries 动脉硬化◊ a hardening of attitudes towards one-parent families

亲家庭态度的冷漠化

hard 'error noun {computing if) an error or fault that makes a program or operating system stop working, and that cannot be corrected硬错误（导致备序或操作 系统停止工作，而且无法更改） hard-'faced adj. [disapproving) (of a person A) showing no feeling or sympathy for other people 缺乏同情心 的；麻木不仁的

hard- fought adj. that involves fighting very hard 苦4‘的；癜烈战斗的：a /iard-/oug/it batrte/win/ victory激烈的战斗；来之不易的胜利 hard 1 hat noun a hat worn by building workers, etc. to protect their heads安全帽（建筑工入等戴）一picture

0                  HAT

hard-'headed adj. determined and not allowing your emotions to affect your decisions 坚定而不感情用事

的；精明冷静的

hard-'hearted adj. giving no importance to the feelings or problems of other people 敎石心肠的；无情 的一compare soft-hearted hard-'hitting adj. not afraid to talk about or criticize sb/sth in an honest and very direct way 直言，不讳的； 单刀直入的：a hard-hitting speech直言禾讳的讲话 hard 'labour (er£) [NAmE ,hard 'labor) noun [U] punishment in prison that involves a lot of very hard physical work 劳役；苦役

hard 'left noun [sing.+sing./pl. v.] {especially Br£) the members of a left-wing political party who have the most extreme opinions 极左派：hard-left policies 极左

派政策

,hard | line now/? [sing.] a strict policy or attitude 强硬政 策（或态度）：the judge’s hard line against drug dealers &官M待毒品贩子晶坚定态度◊ rhe government toofc a ZiardHne on the strike.政府对罢工采取了强硬态度。 hard-'line adj. [usually before noun] 1 (of a person A) having very fixed beliefs and being unlikely or unwilling to change them有坚定信仰的；不妥协的： a hardline corwemirive 坚定的保守党支持者■ 2 (of ideas 思想）very fixed and unlikely to change g定坚决 的:a hard-Hne attitude jk 定的态度► hard.liner /.haid'lama^); NAmE ,ha:rd-/ noun ： a Republican hardliner —名共和党的忠实党员 ,hard-'luck story noun a story about yourself that you tell sb in order to get their sympathy or help 诉说示幸 的遭遇（为博得他人伺情或帮助 hard-ly tH* /'haidli; NAmE 'ha:rd-l adv.

almost no; almost not; almost none 几乎不；几乎没 有：There’s har<«y any tea 没有剩 ff 么茶了。◊ JfardZy anyone has bothered to reply.几乎没.人动嘴® 答。◊ She hardZy ever cafe me (= almost never).她几 乎从未给我来过电话。_◊ VVe Ziarc^y know each other.我 们彼此还不夫认识呢。◊ Hardly a day goes by without my tWn/cing 〇/ /ier (= I think of her almost every day). 我几乎天天想着她。2 used especially after ‘can’ or "could* and before the main verb, to emphasize that it is difficult to do sth (尤用于can或_could之后，主要动词 之前，强调做某事很难> :J can hard〖y keep my eyes open (= I’m almost falling asleep).我困福都快睁示开眼 "f 0 ◊ J could hardly beZieve it when 1 read the Zetter•读 到那封信时，我简直不敢相信。3 used to say that sth has just begun，happened, etc.刚刚；：才：.We can’t stop /or coj^ee now, we’ve ZiardZy started 现長不能停下来喝咖 啡，義们刚刚才开始工作喊。◊ VV^e had harcHy sat down to supper when the phone mng.我们刚坐下用晚餐，电话 就响了。◊ (/omw/) ffarcUy had she spoken than she regretted it bitterZy. i舍刚出口，她就后悔禾迭。4 used to suggest that sth is unlikely or unreasonable or that sb is silly for saying or doing sth (表示不大可能、不合理或 愚舍）：ffe is hard以 ZifceZy to admit he was wrong•他不 大可能承认自己错了。◊ It’s hardly surprising s/ie. was yiired; she never d〖d any M/〇rfc.她被解雇了不足为怪，她 从来没干过任何工作。◊ It’s hardly the time to discuss i't now•现在&不是分也的时候。◊ Yiou can hardly expect her to do it/or/ree.你不可■能指望她无偿地做这事u ◊ 'Couldn't you have just said no?} 'Well, hardly, (= of

931      hard right

course not) she’s my wi/e’s sister.’ “你不能就说声不

吗? ”、“.喔，不可能，她是我小姨子。” 〇 note at hard

GRAMMAR POINT语法说明

hardly ♦ scarcely ♦ barely ♦ no sooner

1                  Hardly, scarcely and barely can all be used to say

that something is only just true or possible. They are used with words like any and anyone, with adjectives and verbs, and are placed between can, could, have, be, etc. and the main part of the verb. * hardly, scarcely和barely均可指刚刚、凡.乎不，■与any和. anyone等词以及形容词和动词连用，置于can、 could、have、be等与动词的主要部分之间：別ey have soW scorce/y acop/es 〇/ f/?e fcoo/c.这书他们'几 乎没卖出几本。◊ / bare/y recogn/z«/心r.我几乎认 不出她了。◊  words were iwre/y flwd/b/e.也的i舍

M强听得见。◊ / ajn      /f.我几乎不釦也

信〇 ◊ 4-kofiHy can- Mteve-ih

2                  Hardly, scarcely and barely are negative words and should not be used with not or other negatives.

★hardly、scarcely 和 barely 为否定词，不应_not 或 其他否萣词连用：/ can't hardly believe it.

3                  You can also use hardly, scarcely and barely to say that one thing happens immediately after another. 亦可用hardly、scarcely和barely表示刚…就…：鞭 had hardly/scarcely/barely sat down at the table,

f/je phcme ra/7g.我们刚在桌子旁坐下，电话铃 就响了。.，丨n formal，written English, especially in a literary style, these words can be placed at the beginning of the sentence and then the subject and verb are turned around.在正式的书面英语.尤其. 在文学体中，上述各词可置于句首，然后将主语和动 词的位置倒装：Hardly/Scarcely had we sat down at vv/ie/i仂e phone rang.我们刚在桌子旁坐 电话铃就响了。. Note that you usually use when in these sentences, not than. You can also use before. 注意：在这类句子中通常用when而非than,亦可用 before： I scarcely had time to ring the bell before the door openec/•我刚一按门f令，门就开了。No sooner can be used in the same way, but is always used with * no sooner与J：述词用法相同，但i与than连 用：No sooner had we sat down at the table than the /7/jom ran尽我们刚在桌子旁振下，电话铃就响了。

4                  Hardly and scarcely can be used to mean 'almost never’，but barely is not used in this way. * hardly 和 scarcely可表示几乎从不、难得，但barely不这样 用：She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days.

这些日子她难得见到她父母。◊     seeder

parents these doys.

.hard-1 nosed adj. not affected by feelings when trying to get what you want顽强的；禾屈不挠的；不讲情面 的：a hard-nosed joumaiist不屈不烧的每者 ,hard of 'hearing adj. [not before noun] 1 unable to hear very well 听力弱；耳背 2 the hard of hearing /?ow/7 [pi.] people who are unable to hear very well 听力 弱的人;.聋# 的人：subtitZes /or the dea/ and t/ie hard 〇/ hearing为耳聋和听力不佳者打出的字幕 'hard-on noun {taboo, slang) an erection(I)

;lrard 'porn noun [D] (informal) films/movies, pictures, books, etc. that show sexual activity in a very detailed and sometimes violent way色情电影（或图片、.书刊 ■等）一compare soft porn

.hard-1 pressed adj. 1 having a lot of problems, espe­cially too much work, and too little time or money

于强大压力的（.尤指工作重、时间紧迫、资金少）2〜to do sth finding sth very difficult to do 很难（做某事 > : You would be hard-pressed to find a better secretary. ^

7位更好的秘书很难。

.hard 'right noun [sing.+sing./pl. v.] {especially 6r£) the members of a right-wing political party who have the most extreme opinions 极右派：hard-right opinions ^

右派观点