involvement

1078

0 We’ll make our decision and contact the people involved. &HWft  o Some

people tried to stop the fight but I didn’t want to get

involved.       ft,      mna

In this meaning, involved is often used after a noun. * involved  ^isjA/So 2 [not usually before

noun] ~ (in/with sth/sb) giving a lot of time or attention to sb/sth    ;    AS: She was deeply involved

with the local hospital.     o I was

so involved in my book I didn’t hear you knock.

Sit#4$,   0 He’s a very involved father

(= he spends a lot of time with his children), ftfell'HI i£A$j5£^o       3 [not usually before noun] ~ (with sb/sth)

having a close personal relationship with sb They’re not romantically involved, -ftfe-ft ] A&W® Atfi^o

0                  You’re too emotionally involved with the situation.

To 4 complicated and difficult to understand      033 complex: an

involved plot            ft

involvement 0-m /m'vnlvmant; NAmE -'va:iv-/ noun

1                  [U] ~ (in/with sth) the act of taking part in sth

in A; ft- HT?1 participation : US involvement in European wars M 2 [U, C] ~ (in/with

sth) the act of giving a lot of time and attention to sth you care about ^^|b] ; SA; tri: her growing involvement with contemporary music jrtfeTlJ&ft0 MSA 3 [C, U] ~ (with sb) a romantic or sexual relation­ship with sb that you are not married to He spoke openly about his involvement with the actress.

in vul ner able /m'vAlnarabl/ adj. ~ (to sth) that cannot be harmed or defeated; safe 7 ^ ^    ^ (ft; |J 7 W;

fxlk#]-. to be in an invulnerable position 7 711(24Ife 0 The submarine is invulnerable to attack while at sea.

BEQ VULNERABLE ► in- vul-ner-abil-ity /in.vAlnara'bilati/ noun [U] in-ward /'inwad; NAmE-ward/ adj., adv.

• adj. 1 [only before noun] inside your mind and not shown to other people ft A ; If # (ft: an inward smile ft 7 0 Her calm expression hid her inward panic. IttfeT- 0 W ft 3k If It 7 ft St it o 2 towards the inside or centre of sth ft ft; ft ft A : an inward flow |f] M ft '{ftiij] 0 an inward curve |Aj t*U3 outward »adv. (also in-wards especially in BrE) 1 towards the inside or centre ft ft; ft ft>[>; The door opens inwards. rmsffo 2 towards yourself and your interests ft g B ; ft ft 'b : Her thoughts turned inwards. M ft S 3S ft 7 rtf o 0 (disapproving) an inward-looking person (= one who is not interested in other people) 7|ftfeA7 A lift A 1*123 outwards

inward investment noun [U, C] (business $!) money that is invested within a particular country At ft in-ward-ly /'inwadli; NAmE -ward-/ adv. in your mind; secretly £ft>i>; Ift^fffe: She groaned inwardly. ftfeFEA in^nto 0 I was inwardly furious, ^ ft" & A ft 0

023 OUTWARDLY

in-ward-ness /'mwadnas; NAmE -ward-/ noun [U] (formal or literary) interest in feelings and emotions rather than in the world around 7'14; A14; ^#14 in-yanga /in'jccrja/ noun (pi in-yangas, izin-yanga /.izin'jairja/) (SAfrE) a person who treats people who are ill/sick using natural materials such as plants, etc.

Eft; ft — compare sangoma in-your-‘face adj. (informal) used to describe an atti­tude, a performance, etc. that is aggressive in style arid deliberately designed to make people react strongly for or against it (    ) ^^?$ft, iT$J$M4ft,

in-your-face action thrillers #JM(ftfit

Vkrftftft

iod-ide /'aiadaid/ noun [C] (chemistry it) a chemical which contains iodine Q&itW iod ine /'aiadirn; NAmE -dam/ noun [U] (symb I) a chem­ical element. Iodine is a substance found in sea water. A liquid containing iodine is sometimes used as an

antiseptic (= a substance used on wounds to prevent infection). #

ion /'aian; BrE also 'aron; NAmE also 'aia:n/ noun (physics !$/ or chemistry it) an atom or a molecule with a posi­tive or negative electric charge caused by its losing or gaining one or more electrons $J7 -ion (also -ation, -ition, -sion, -tion, -xion) suffix (in nouns is]) the action or state of • • -fj ft; ■ • •    :

hesitation itfM 0 competition 0 confession fft-iA ionic /ai'nmk; NAmE -'a:n-/ adj. 1 (chemistry it) of or related to ions W 2 (chemistry it) (of a chemical bond ffc^H) using the electrical pull between positive and negative ions | f ^ ; ffe Ift ft —compare covalent 3 Ionic (architecture 5|) used to describe a style of architecture in ancient Greece that uses a curved decoration in the shape of a scroll ^ ^ft (> ion ize (BrE also -ise) /'aionaiz/ verb [VN, V] (technical A i§) to change sth or be changed into ions (■$*•)

7 it ► ion-iza-tion, -isa-tion /.aianai’zeijn; NAmE -na'z-/ noun [U]

ion izer (BrE also -iser) /'aionaiza(r)/ noun a device that is used to make air in a room fresh and healthy by producing negative ions ft^73tft#l; iono sphere /ai'Dnasfiaft); NAmE ai'amasfir/ noun the ionosphere [sing.] a layer of the earth’s atmosphere between about 80 and l 000 kilometres above the surface of the earth, that reflects radio waves around the earth     — compare stratosphere

iota /ai'auta; NAmE ai'out0/ noun 1 [sing.] (usually used in negative sentences  an extremely small

amount jK it; 15. 7' S : There is not one iota of truth (= no truth at all) in the story. M ^

'14 o 0 1 don’t think that would help one iota, lie iA ft IP WktfcWBho 2 the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet (1,1)

IOU I,ai au ‘ju:; NAmE -ou-/ noun (informal) a written promise that you will pay sb the money you owe them (a way of writing ‘I owe you’) A& ( A7 I owe

you ) : an IOU for £20 * 20 £#ftfg|g IPA /,ai pi: ‘ei/ abbr. International Phonetic Alphabet (an alphabet that is used to show the pronunciation of words in any language) HI P7W^

IP address /,ai ‘pi: adres/ noun (computing if) a series of numbers separated by dots that identifies a particular computer connected to the Internet ( if % JJl l4j ) M17 IP ftfeiiL

IPO /,ai pi: ‘au; NAmE '00/ abbr. (business jff[) initial public offering (the act of selling shares in a company for the ^ first time) ( ) trAAAFAft, iirU

ipso facto /.ipsau ‘faektau; NAmE ,ipsoo 'faektou/ adv. (from Latin, formal) because of the fact that has been mentioned     You cannot

assume that a speaker of English is ipso facto qualified to teach English.

IQ /,ai 'kju:/ noun a measurement of a person’s intelli­gence that is calculated from the results of special tests (abbreviation for ‘intelligence quotient’) ^ ® ^ ft

intelligence quotient ) : an IQ of 120    ^ 120 O to have

a highAow    IQ tests

ir- o in-

IRA /,ai a:r 'ei/ noun [sing.] the abbreviation for ‘Irish Republican Army’. The IRA is an illegal organization which has fought for Northern Ireland to be united with the Republic of Ireland.    ( A^ft Irish

Republican Army,

t mm)

iras-cible /i'raesabl/ adj. (formal) becoming angry very easily ^ W ; H SI H7TI irritable ► iras-ci-bil-ity /i.raesa'bilati/ noun [U]

i rate /ai'reit/ adj. very angry     B US : irate

customers HIo an irate phone call & A/414) fii i$     note at angry

IRC /,ai a: ‘si:; NAmE a:r/ abbr. Internet Relay Chat (-=* an area of the Internet where users can communicate directly with each other)    SKRiS

ftlM (      )