you must accept for a particular reason A; iS % 61)

ne-ces-si-tate /na'sesiteit/ verb (formal) to make sth necessary ft; ftj : [VN] Recent financial scandals have necessitated changes in parliamentary procedures.

0 [V -ing]

Increased traffic necessitated widening the road. 3S MA,         O [VN -ing] His new job

necessitated him/his getting up at six. §fXfP{i£flfeft#ft

necessity /na'sesati/ noun 1 [U] ~ (for sth) | ~ (of sth/of doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) the fact that sth must happen or be done; the need for sth & ^ ; d& 1c; W ft: We recognize the necessity for a written agreement.

0                   We were discussing the necessity of employing more staff. ft IS. ffl M % MX o 0 There had never been any necessity for her to go out to work. MjAftfA&AftftXf£61l>&fto 0 This is, of necessity, a brief and incomplete account. jft 2 [C] a thing that

you must have and cannot manage without M 6lJ ; & M pq : Many people cannot even afford basic necessities such as food and clothing. A-S-SiAft® H-tJ ft ft M A ^ 6fe S A # "p o 0 Air-conditioning is an absolute necessity in this climate.

$iJS|0 3 [C, usually sing.] a situation that must happen and that cannot be avoided $  ; A ft ffe 61rtf IE:

Living in London, he felt, was an unfortunate necessity.

EEl necessity is the mother of in vention (,saying) a difficult new problem forces people to think of a solution to it f|ft|litf$Aft

—                 more at virtue neck frw /nek/ noun, verb

m noun 1 [C] the part of the body between the head and the shoulders M ; # ff .- He tied a scarf around his neck, life jj# A -t ES U B r|l <,          0 Giraffes have very long

necks. -fcMfkWTMfco 0 She craned (= stretched) her neck to get a better view. M K‘ 7 jit f 3

—                 Ao o He broke his neck in the fall, life]AWr Tift- To 0 Somebody’s going to break their neck (= injure them­selves) on these steps. £■ ft A ft p Ift ± i'/j 64 „

—                 picture o body 2 [C] the part of a piece of clothing

that fits around the neck ftAi;   : What neck

size do you take?   — see also crew

neck, polo neck, turtleneck, V-neck 3 -necked (in adjectives ft) $  # til) having the type of neck

mentioned ft ■ • • ft 64 ; ft ••• 0 ft 61J : a round­necked sweater          lift—see also open-necked,

stiff-necked 4 [C] ~ (of sth) a long narrow part of sth

( #JA64 )    M%f>: the neck of a bottle MM o

a neck of land Hfe ^ 5 [U] ~ (of sth) the neck of an animal, cooked and eaten (      $4 H; ft 64 )      :

neck of lamb ft ft- ^ ^ —see also bottleneck, redneck, roughneck ITTTTn be up to your neck in sth to have a lot of sth to deal with If [ft ft; ‘It ft Jftftf: We’re up to our neck in debt.. Refill0 He’s in & (= trouble) up to his neck. llfeiiftftfeM,        by

a 'neck if a person or an animal wins a race by a neck, they win it by a short distance I'MOkMiZift (      ) ,get

it in the heck (BrE, informal) to be shouted at or punished because of sth that you have done

ft !!:?>] ,neck and neck (with sb/sth) (also ,nip and 'tuck (with sb) especially in US) level with sb in a race or competition (     ft ft. lift, ft

iff neck of the 'woods (informal) a particular place or area ftiffeft; ftjffefx': He’s from your neck of the woods (= the area where you live), fife J§ fa IP — ft 61] A <,

—                 more at block n., brass, breathe, millstone, pain

n., RISK V., SAVE V., SCRUFF, STICK V., WRING mverb [V] (usually be necking) (old-fashioned, informal) when two people are necking, they are kissing each other in a sexual way If WfffSl; ft IfJft^5 neckerchief /'nekatjirf; NAmE -kar-/ noun a square of cloth that you wear around your neck d rfi; §jj ft neck lace /'neklas/ noun, verb

u noun a piece of jewellery consisting of a chain, string of beads, etc. worn around the neck XR : a diamond necklace -     — picture o jewellery

■ verb [VN] to kill sb by putting a burning car tyre around

their neck & ( &A ) $A» ( #j$^64&J& ft ) ► neck-tacing noun [u]

neck-line /'neklain/ noun the edge of a piece of clothing, especially a woman’s, which fits around or below the neck ( ft4£64 ) §*( P , JfM: a dress with a low/round/plunging neckline  V X4®64

A£ft|g

neck-tie /'nektai/ noun (old-fashioned or NAmE) = tie n-( 1)

neck-wear /'nekwea(r); NAmE -wer/ noun [U] ties, scarves and other things that you wear around your neck (», fflftf ) ^M# necro-man-cer /'nekraumaensa(r); NAmE 'nekrou-/ noun a person who claims to communicate by magic with people who are dead M'Jrp

necro mancy /'nekraumaensi; NAmE 'nekrou-/ noun [U]

1                   the practice of claiming to communicate by magic with the dead in order to learn about the future jl A ft; M ft 2 the use of magic powers, especially evil onesfAft; 35 ft

necro philia /.nekra'filia/ noun [U] sexual interest in dead bodies       ► necro-phil-iac noun

ne-crop-olis /na'kropalis; NAmE -'kra:p-/ noun (pi. ne­cropolises /-lisiz/) a cemetery (= place where dead people are buried), especially a large one in an ancient city mm-, (      ) ASiife

nec-ropsy /'nekropsi; NAmE 'nekrarpsi/ noun (pi. -ies) (NAmE) an official examination of a dead body (espe­cially that of an animal) in order to discover the cause of death (  EEC!

AUTOPSY

ne-cro-sis /ne'krausis; NAmE -'krou-/ noun [U] (medical E) the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue caused by injury, disease, or a loss of blood supply (m nec-ro-tiz-ing f asciitis /.nekrataizip faeJTaitis/ noun [U] (medical E) a serious infection that causes cell tissue to be rapidly destroyed

nec-tar /'nekta(r)/ noun [U] 1 a sweet liquid that is produced by flowers and collected by bees for making honey : (figurative) On such a hot day, even water was nectar (= very good). iE ft ^61A, I#/Jcf(5jik#H0

2                   the thick juice of some fruits as a drink ft If tft 14: peach nectar jft/f

nec tar ine /'nektariin/ noun a round red and yellow fruit, like a peach with smooth skin ISM ( #&6fe4E#,

nee /nei/ adj. (from French) a word used after a married woman’s name to introduce the family name that she had when she was born ( ftft If?,

Mmf ) !KMi6ft       Jane Smith, nee Brown f|j •

Am mm®

need 0"W /ni:d/ verb, modal verb, noun m verb 1 to require sth/sb because they are essential or very important, not just because you would like to have them MM;  : [VN] Do you need any help? jfcMMft

it ? 0 It’s here if you need it. (ft ^ 61) ft ®i ft A BE 0 <> Don’t go-—I might need you. |i[ft -— ^ftifeiilfeft'ftc,

0 They badly needed a change, ftfefl ] iS VJ 7w M ^ A A ft o O Food aid is urgently needed, it fJ] W M ^ M Sfe o O What do you need your own computer for? You can use ours.mvMnmmo oidon’t need your comments, thank you.

0 [V to inf] / need to get some sleep, lIBiz? JL'Eo 0 He needs to win this game to stay in the match.

<> You don’t need to leave yet, do you?       0 [V -ing, V to inf]

This shirt needs washing. O This shirt

needs to be washed,        A^'ftTo 2 [V to inf] used to

show what you should or have to do ( ^ ft JSZ ft flftM ) A 'ft M : All you need to do is complete this form.        UliftAfto 0 I didn’t need to go

to the bank after all—Mary lent me the money. U

T          EE! need (to

have) your 'head examined (informal) to be crazy u modal verb (negative need not, short form needn’t