punc tu ate /'pAqktJueit/ verb 1 [VN] [often passive] ~ sth (with sth) to interrupt sth at intervals ftBfttTWr : Her speech was punctuated by bursts of applause. ftfe69i#lJfft N" M 0X PX % P fa #f o 2 [V, VN] to divide writing into sentences and phrases by using special marks, for example commas, question marks, etc. punctu ation /.pArjktJu'eiJn/ noun [U] the marks used in writing that divide sentences and phrases; the system of using these marks

punctu ation mark noun a sign or mark used in writing to divide sentences and phrases jA&j’XR- punc ture /'pAijktJ^r)/ noun, verb m noun 1 {BrE) a small hole in a tyre made by a sharp point (       ± $i] fig 69 ) ft XL, ftp: I had a puncture

on the way and arrived late.    htLM 7 fJfM

igiij T o —see also flat n.{6) 2 a small hole, espe­cially in the skin, made by a sharp point (

mm®> xixi;

a verb 1 to make a small hole in sth; to get a small hole

£---±XL?L (       ) MM: [VN] to puncture a

tyre XL M $£ In o She was taken to the hospital with broken ribs and a punctured lung. #tfe99##ftf,

XL , W. it ftE& o o M One of the front tyres had punctured. —ftiitjf&MXLMTo 2 [VN] to suddenly make sb feel less confident, proud, etc.

) : to puncture sb’s confidence pun dit /‘pAndit/ noun 1 a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and who often talks about it in public faM',       PTI71 expert 2 = pandit

pun-gent /'pAnd3ant/ adj. 1 having a strong taste or smell iftc if ( ^ H ) ffl f.ll 69; M & ft 69: the pungent smell of burning rubber W. 69 M #- H o note at bitter 2 direct and having a strong effect iE — i£itM69; -ft ft It 69: pungent criticism - - f f- ft ifl 69 ft if > pun gency /-nsi/ noun [U] pung-ently adv. pun ish &-w /’paiuX/ verb [VN]

1 ~ sb (for sth/for doing sth) to make sb suffer because they have broken the law or done sth wrong Ml ; M ¥9 : Those responsible for this crime will be severely punished. 69    ¥9o o He was

punished for refusing to answer their questions. jifejgft® ilfttfe in 69 fnj ig, || 3\ TMA c 0 My parents used to punish me by not letting me watch TV. H it fit # ft,    ¥9 ftc o 2 ~ sth (by/with sth) to set the

punishment for a particular crime /ft ■ • f i] 91; f ij ft • • • 69 Ml ¥9 ft.A; In those days murder was always punished with the death penalty. g|5ft ft , i£ ft & fk H XL 9P 0 3 ~ yourself (for sth) to blame yourself for sth that has happened SB); S ^

pun ish able /'pAmJabl/ adj. ~ (by/with sth) (of a crime p if) that can be punished, especially by law ift£XM¥9 69;        69;   ( Xfd ) faLfkft 69: a crime punish­

able by/with imprisonment ft fij 'fi ^69 91 fa 0 Giving false information to the police is a punishable offence, ft

pun ish ing /'pAniJir)/ adj. [usually before noun] long and difficult and making you work hard so you become very tired X|i)1$#M69; ft: The President has a punishing schedule for the next six months.

/sAftA 69 iff

pun ish ment Ow /'pAnifmant/ noun 1 [U, C] ~ (for sth) an act or a way of punishing sb M ¥9 ; Mi ¥9; IP] ¥9: to inflict/impose/mete out punish­ment ft IM^?9 O What is the punishment for murder? i$ ftjSMi[U>ff^ff|]¥9? 0 There is little evidence that harsher punishments deter any better than more lenient ones. & ftMM /K rm\t% X M ft il it im 0 o The punishment should fit the crime. ¥9 S ^    0 0 He was

sent to his room as a punishment, fife M ¥9 0 §'] fife 69 ^ |a] o —see also capital punishment, corporal punishment 2 [u] rough treatment flUftf#; fi-W. The carpet by the door takes the most punishment.

pu ni tive /'pjuinativ/ adj. [usually before noun] {formal) 1 intended as punishment M¥9 ft 69; iPJ ¥9 69; Mi¥9 69: There are calls for more punitive measures against people who drink and drive. ^ A Bf of 5M1995    A:- 69 A-

# ff ,tl Mi ¥?1 ffe 69 M o o (NAmT) He was awarded

| 1607     pupil

punitive damages (= in a court of law).     ftfeMi

¥9ft69ffimn^o 2 very severe and that people find very difficult to pay ( ) nf£i]69: punitive taxes

► pu-ni-tive-iy adv.

Pun-jabi /pun'd3a:bi/ noun 1 [C] a person from the Punjab area in NW India and Pakistan #i! ff A ( tp® ffi«fnE*mffl69#M*feK69 A ) 2 [u] the language of people from the Punjab   ► Pun-jabi adj.

punk /pArjk/ noun 1 (also ,punk ’rock) [U] a type of loud and aggressive rock music popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s M'&WM/k (       20 1ftit 70

¥ftf5$fp 80 4f-fttu«9 ) : a punk band 2 (also ,punk 'rocker) [C] a person who likes punk music and dresses like a punk musician, for example by wearing metal chains, leather clothes and having brightly coloured hair II lr IS 'M 9k $.: a punk haircut )K ^ A A 3 [C] (informal, especially NAmEj a young man or boy who behaves in a rude or violent way /H&M; ESjD lout

pun kah /'pAijka; -ka:/ noun 1 (IndE) an electric fan F& jxUi 2 (in India in the past) a large cloth fan that hung from the ceiling and that was moved by pulling a string

im ()

pun-net /‘pAmt/ noun (BrE) a small box or basket that soft fruit is often sold in ( ^^^7k^69 )  /h

pun-ster /'pAnsta(r)/ noun a person who often makes puns #ft]^i§69A

punt1 /pAnt/ noun, verb — see also punt2

■                  noun 1 a long shallow boat with a flat bottom and square ends which is moved by pushing the end of a long pole against the bottom of a river

M ) —picture o page R3 2 {BrE, informal) a bet Rt t#; fTI^: The investment is little more than a punt. & k ft #  W o 3 (in rugby or American

football       a long kick made after

dropping the ball from your hands ( @5 ft} 69 )

fat,

■                  verb 1 to travel in a punt, especially for pleasure M ff

Hu Mlfa {, iff) : M We spent the day punting on the river.        ft\fo&ffl±Wf'l&T

• Ao 0 to go punting ^ A[also VN] 2 [VN] to kick a ball hard so that it goes a long way, some­times after it has dropped from your hands and before it reaches the ground

punt2 /punt/ noun the former unit of money in the Republic of Ireland (replaced in 2002 by the euro)

fam (a 2002

) — see also punt1

punt-er /'pAnta(r)/ noun {BrE, informal) 1 a person who buys or uses a particular product or service II ± II; ft fa EE33I customer : It’s important to keep the punters happy. S 69 H ih ffl % $1M» 2 a person who gambles on the result of a horse race RtS,69 A puny /'pjuini/ qdj. (puni-er, puni-est) {disapproving) 1 small and weak 9969; S9969 BCGOI feeble: The lamb was a puny little thing.        2 not very

impressive A ^ 0ft 69 ; fa 'It 69 ; \t A A il 69 : They laughed at my puny efforts.    W£ii693fiJo

pup /pap/ noun 1 = puppy 2 a young animal of various species (= types) £9 /ft zft ^ : a seal pup — R /ft M19 m?jl sell sb/buy a pup {old-fashioned, BrE, informal) to sell sb or be sold sth that has no value or is worth much less than the price paid     ) IM AIS1

pupa /'pjuipa/ noun {pi. pupae /'pjuipi:/) an insect in the stage of development between a larva and an adult insect !jf — compare chrysalis pu*pate /pjui'peit; NAmE 'pjuipeit/ verb [V] {biology A) to

develop into a pupa ft;I®; pupil <H» /'pjuipi/ noun

1                  (especially BrE, becoming old-fashioned) a person who is being taught, especially a child in a school ^ ft;

{      ) ft ^ ft : How many pupils does the school

have? IK ffr tl % ft ^ ft ? o She now teaches only private pupils.        /vffelli, e> note at student

a person who is taught artistic, musical, etc. skills by