( fj£ )        : Your dress is nicked up at the back.

ruck-sack /'rAkssek/ (BrE) (also back-pack NAmE, BrE) noun a large bag, often supported on a light metal frame, carried on the back and used especially by people who go climbing or walking ( A fa S lb # is £#f£M ft) )  — picture o bag

ruckus /'rAkas/ noun [sing.] (informal, especially NAmE) a situation in which there is a lot of noisy activity, confu­sion or argument Hi M; HAfe;        003 commotion

ructions /'rAkJnz/ noun [pi.] (especially BrE) angry protests or arguments lit ^ (ft inC iSC;    : There’ll be

ructions if her father ever finds out. — RifMXMXM

T,

rud-der /’rAda(r)/ noun a piece of wood or metal at the back of a boat or an aircraft that is used for controlling its direction (       ) jfc; (      ) Ad $6 — picture

0                  PAGES R4, Rll

rud-der-less /'rAdalas; NAmE -darl-/ adj. (formal) with nobody in control; not knowing what to do A A If 8.

W;

ruddy /'rAdi/ adj., adv.

madj. 1 (of a person’s face AMU) looking red and healthy       ruddy cheeks itiMIloa ruddy

complexion        2 (literary) red in colour

a ruddy sky      3 [only before noun] (BrE,

informal) a mild swear word that some people use to show that they are annoyed ( AAA A ) A Ad, d: I can’t get the ruddy car to start! Tfel/cJIA^lATA.

ik adv. (BrE, informal) a mild swear word used by some people to emphasize what they are saying, especially when they are annoyed ( #q 3jg i#;A, X ^ H N- ) # X, iMX: There was a ruddy great hole in the ceiling. Xfcfyt'H .AfifrdAPo rude O-w /ru:d/ adj. (ruder, rud-est)

1                  ~ (to sb) (about sb/sth) | ~ (to do sth) having or

showing a lack of respect for other people and their feelings fe # d; X }L d; ffl if d 033 impolite : a rude comment M fl d if 0 The man was downright rude to us.   o She was very

rude about my driving.      A A&ft8 fa . o

Why are you so rude to your mother? # AA £Tj’jftd# A&A'&iLtft? 0 It’s rude to speak when you’re eating.

SYNONYMS

rude

cheeky ♦ insolent ♦ disrespectful ♦ impertinent ♦ impolite ♦ discourteous

These are all words for people showing a lack of respect for other people,      AfflJh A}L0

rude having or showing a lack of respect for other people and their feelings faillld, A*Ld, MIFd: Why are you so rude to your mother? AAAA##d# Lift? o It’s rude to speak when you’re eating. Affift-i£i£A*Llfto

cheeky (BrE informal) rude in an amusing or an annoying way ##d, $t8d: You

cheeky monkey! f& f¥-D&l£ d K 7! o a cheeky grin EEK3 Cheeky is often used by adults to talk about children’s behaviour towards them. * cheeky

insolent (rather formal) extremely rude; not showing respect £iMfd. A*Ld, f£1id CEUi Insolent is mainly used to talk about the behaviour of children towards adults. * insolent AI^MA2£7X5MMAM

disrespectful (ratherformal) showing a lack of respect for sb/sth ftX%1.        Some people said he

had been disrespectful to the President in his last speech.

Pfc3fcBdHt$&ifci£A*L3fto 2 (especially BrE) (NAmE usually crude) connected with sex or the body in a way that people find offensive or embarrassing <jg ^ (ft; T d : a rude gesture AM d A$^ O Someone made a rude noise, t AAtUT d *i 0 The joke is too rude to repeat.        XT'M , TIES Mo 3 [only

before noun] (formal) sudden, unpleasant and unex­pected A £§d; %fffiAAd; S$(d: Those expecting good news will get a rude shock. gft Jg? ^ |f Djf M, d A ^Al£~#de o If the players think they can win this match easily, they are in for a rude awakening.

itt, mn&mm

alt#Bio 4 (literary) made in a simple, basic way fgj#. d; flMd; Kft&d 033 primitive : rude shacks faj ► rude-ness noun [U]: She was critical to the point of rudeness. M #U§!J # iff 7 XIL o ITTfll in rude ’health (old-fashioned, BrE) looking or feeling very healthy AAfiA

rude ly <Hr /’ruidli/ adv.

2                  in a way that shows a lack of respect for other people

and their feelings MH-iffe; AtfLitfe: They brushed rudely past us.        o ‘what do

you want?’she asked rudely.ffcicAff^s? ” Mffl.lliife |n]it0 2 in a way that is sudden, unpleasant and unex­pected        p^iife;       I was rudely

awakened by the phone ringing.

WW7.

ru di men tary /.ruidi’mentri/ adj. 1 (formal) dealing with only the most basic matters or ideas 3Pftd; 3SA d 033 basic : They were given only rudimentary training in the job. fife fn fX fX f!] M M A W ik ill| H o

3                  (formal or technical Ain) not highly or fully developed

HTO basic : Some dinosaurs had only rudimentary teeth.

At&o

ru diments /'ruzdiments/ noun [pi.] the ~ (of sth) (formal) the most basic or essential facts of a particular subject, skill, etc. S 5Hl; 3? A UK 3 ( ft tL )  S33

BASICS

rue /ru:/ verb (rue-ing or ruing, rued, rued) [VN] (old- fashioned or formal) to feel bad about sth that happened or sth that you did because it had bad results

; tlitg 033 regret : He rued the day they had bought such a large house, fife fit t§ fifed & 7   A $ — )?ff

feTo

impertinent rude; not showing respect fuflfj-Aft, Impertinent is often used by people such as parents and teachers when they are telling children that they are angry with them for being rude.

* impertinent M A A#, A       T d f i # ff A A

AA'Iw: Don’t be impertinent!        !

impolite (rather formal) not behaving in a pleasant way that follows the rules of society ft A^Lift. ffi.#: Some people think it is impolite to ask someone’s age. A^A fasoa Impolite

occurs frequently in the phrases It seemed impolite and It would be impolite. * impolite AM A it seemed impolite fO it would be impolite Mill Ao discourteous (formal) having bad manners and not showing respect ft AILIft, A4L, fiLth He didn’t wish to appear discourteous. flfeASJMft&Alfto

PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS to appear/be/seem/sound rude/cheeky/insolent/ disrespectful/irnpertinent/impolite/discourteous h downright/extremely/really/terribly/very rude/ cheeky/insolent/d isrespectf u l/imperti nent/i m polite/ discourteous

m rude/cheeky/insolent/disrespectful/impertinent/ impolite/discourteous behaviour s rude/cheeky/insolent/disrespectful/impertinent/ impolite/discourteous to sb