scraper         1788 |

►                 WIN WITH DIFFICULTY艰难获取 4 to manage to win or to get sth with difficulty 艰难取得；勉强获得：[VN] rhe team scraped a narrow victory Zast year.这支认去年险 胜。◊(价£) Jjitst scraped a pass in the exam.我考试勉强 及格。◊ 77iey scraped a Zfvfng by pZaying music on t7ie streets.他们在街头演奏音乐，勉强维持生活。◊[V]77ie government scraped home (= just won) by three votes. 政府以三票的微弱优势勉强过关。

►                 MAKE HOLE IN GROUND 在地上挖坑 5 [VN] ~ Sth (out) to make a hole or hollow place in the ground 挖坑；.挖 洞：He/ound a suitaWe pZace, scraped a hoZe and buried the bag i/i it.他找了个合适的地方，挖个坑，把包埋了 进去。

►                 PULL HA丨R BACK 朝后拢头发 6 [VN] ~ your hair back to

pull your hair tightly back, away from your face 把头发 拢在后面：Her hair was scmped back 介om her/ace in a ponytail她的头发拢在后面，tL成一个马尾辫。

scrape (the bottom of) the barrel {disapproving) to have to use whatever things or people you can get, because there is not much choice available (.因别无选 择）将就，凑合一 more at bow1 v.   ,scrape _by

(on sth) to manage to live on the money you have, but with difficulty (靠…）勉强维持生计，糊口，艰难度 日：I ccm just scrape by on what my parents give me•:我 靠父母给的那点钱只能勉强度日。.scrape‘in丨.scrape 'into sth to manage to get a job, a position, a place at college，etc., but with difficulty 勉® 获得（JI.作、职 位、入学资_等.）.：He scraped in with J80 votes, i[也以 180 票‘强 士选。◊ Our team just scraped into the semf /iinaZs•我i门这支队勉强挤入半决赛。.scrape sth—'out to remove sth from inside sth else, using sth sharp or hard like a knife 挖出；掘出：Scmpe out the _/?esh 〇/ the mdon with a spoon.用小勺挖出瓜瓤。.scrape ’through

1                  .scrape 'through sth to succeed in doing sth with difficulty, especially in passing an exam 艰难完成；勉 强通过（'考试）：7 scrape through the exam i/J’m Zucfcy.要是走运的话，我也许能勉强及格。，scrape sth— to'gether/'up to obtain or collect together sth, but with difficulty勉强凑集：费力聚拢；艰难筹措：We managed to scrape together eight volunteers.

易凑齐八名志愿者。

■ noun

►                 ACTION/SOUND 动作；声音 1 [sing.] the action or unpleasant sound of one thing rubbing roughly against another 刮；伊；刮炉声；刮擦声：the scrape 〇/on stone铁摩擦石头发出的嚓嚓声

►                 DAMAGE 损环 2 [C] an injury or a mark caused by rubbing against sth rough 擦;擦痕：She emerge) from the overturned car with only a few scrapes and bruises.她从翻了的车里钻出来，只擦破一点皮，碰了几 块淤青。

►                 DIFFICULT SITUATION 困境 3 [C]         a difficult

situation that you have caused yourself 自匕造成的困 境：He was dways getting into scrapes 〇5 a boy.他小时

候老闯祸。

scraper /'skreipa{r)/ noun a tool used for scraping, for example for scraping mud from shoes or ice from a car

刮刀；刮削器；铲子

'scrap heap noun a pile of things, especially of metal, that are no longer wanted or useful 邊金属废物堆 fT»!in on the 'scrap heap (informal) no longer wanted or considered useful 废弃的；拋弃的 scra-pie /'skreipi/ noun [U] a serious disease that affects the nervous system of sheep痒病（损伤羊的神经系统 的严_疾病）

scrap-ing /'skreipii)/ noun [usually pi.] a small amount of sth produced by scratching a suiiace 刮屑；削片 'scrap paper noun [U] loose pieces of paper used for writing notes on (散沾 > 便条纸 scrappy /'skraepi/ adj. (scrap-pier, scrap pi-est) 1 con­sisting of individual sections, events, etc. that are not organized into a whole散乱的；不贯的；支离破碎 的Sd bitty: a scrappy essay —篇内容凌乱的女章

(espedfl//y 阶£) not tidy and often of poor quality 不整 洁的；糟糕的：77ie note was written cm a scrappy bi't 〇/ paper.便桊耸在一片破纸上。一 see also scrap

scrap.yard 々skraeRjcud; /VAwf -jaird/ (8r£) (also junk­yard A//A/r?f， now/7 a place where old cars, machines, etc. are collected, so that parts of them, or the metal they are made of, can be sold to'be used again (堆放 旧汽车、旧机器等的）废品场 scratch 〇T«r /skraetj/ verb, noun, adj.

m verb

►                 RUB WITH YOUR NAILS 用指甲挠 1 ~ (at sth) to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching ^, 搔（痒处 >:[VN] Jo/m yawned and scratched his chin. 约翰打个哈欠，备挠下巴。◊ The dog scratched ftsd/ behind the ear.狗用爪子挠挠耳后。◊ [V] Tfy not to scratch.尽量另ij 晓。◊ She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.她挠7杂胳膊上虫咬的包。

►                 CUT SKIN 划破皮肤 2 〜（sb/sth/yourse丨f) (on sth) to cut or damage your skin slightly witii sth sharp 划破.抓破. 划伤，抓伤（皮肤）：[VN] J’d scratched my ieg and tt was Weeding. _把腿抓出 了血。◊ She scratched herself on a. nafZ.她在钉子上如 丁一 下。◊ [V】Does t/ie cat scratch?这只猫抓人吗？

►                 DAMAGE SURFACE 损坏表面 3 [VN] to damage the surface of sth, especially by accident, by making thin shallow marks on it (免指意外地）擦破，划损，刮坏：Be care_A/Z not to scratch the/umiture.小心别刮坏家具。◊ TTie car’s paintwork is bad〖y scratched.牽的漆ffiM板得 很厉害。

►                  MAKE/REMOVE MARK 造成 /去除痕迹 4 [VN       加印.]to make or remove a mark, etc. on sth deliberately, by rubbing it with sth hard or sharp 刮.出（或刮去）痕迹： 划下（■或擦去■)痕迹：They scratchecHines in the dirt to mark out a pitch.他们'在地上划出一个球场。◊ We scratched some 〇/the dirt away.我们刮掉了一些也东西。

◊ (figurative) You can scratch my name off the list•你可以 把我的名字从名单上勾掉。

►                 MAKE SOUND 发出声音 5 [V，usually  to make

an irritating noise by rubbing sth with stli sharp 舌ij (或 擦、抓}出刺耳声：扭s pen scratched away on the paper.他的笔在纸上沙沙作响。

►                 A LIVING 生计 6 [VN]〜a living to make enough money to live on, but with difficulty 勉强维持生活

►                 CANCEL 取消 7 〜（sb/sth) (from sthj to decide that sth cannot happen or sb/sth cannot take part in sth, before it starts 喊消■;撤销；退出：[VN] to scratch a rocfcet Zaunch 取消i箭;射计划◊ TTie horse was scratched介om the race because 〇/ inju/y.这匹马因伤被取消了比赛资 格。〇 [V] She had scratched because of a knee injury. M •因膝伤退出了比赛。

IT»!7!1 scratch your head (over sth) to think hard in order to find an answer to sth 苦苦琢磨；苦思冥想： 绞尽脑汁 scratch the ’surface (of sth) to deal with， understand, or find out about only a small part of a subject or problem作肤浅的探讨；浅尝辄止;隔靴搔痒 ,you scratch my back and .TII scratch yours (saying) used to say that if sb helps you, you will help them, even if this is unfair to others 礼尚往来；私相授受 .scratch a bout/a round (for sth) to search for sth, especially with difficulty (尤指艰难地 > 搜寻，査 寻、Siic .scratch sth^'out to remove a word, espe­cially a name, from sth written, usually by putting a line through it画掉，勾掉，删除（名字等）

• noun

►                 MARK/CUT 划痕；划伤 1 [C] a mark, a cut or an injury made by scratching sb’s skin or the surface of sth -(运 肤或物彳表表面上的 > 划痕，划伤：Her hands were covered m scratches介om the bramWes•她手上布满了荆棘划的■口 子。◊ a scratch on th^painfivorfc 漆面土 命一道戈ij

Jt’s onZy a scratch (= a very slight injury).不过是轻微的 划伤。◊ He escaped without a scratch (= was not hurt at all)•他毫发未损地逃了出去。

►                 SOUND ；'i ^ 2 [sing.] the unpleasant sound of sth sharp or rough being rubbed against a surface.舌ij (或擦、 抓）的刺耳声

►                 WITH YOUR NAtLS 用指甲 3 [sing.] the act of scratching a part of your body when it itches 接痒；搔痒：Go on, have a good scratch/ 来吧，好好烧一烧！

ITiTigl from 'scratch 1 without any previous prepar- ation or knowledge从头开始；从零开始：nearned German from scratch in six months.

学会了德语。2 from 仕le very beginning, not using any