fn&A^AW^W) — compare veteran car 3 typical of a period in the past and of high quality; the best work of the particular person ( 11A A 0/ $] ) AS MW; ( £Alft ) a collection of

vintage designs ft If A tF 1& fil o vintage TV drama Mik liB o The opera is vintage Rossini. l&nPl&MiJItAM IE H # fAA # <> 4 ~ year a particularly good and

successful year 2003 was

not a vintage year for the movies. * 2003

o

vintner /'vintna(r)/ noun {old-fashioned, format) a person whose business is buying and selling wines or a person who grows grapes and makes wine # M ?g fE; fj ^ M

ftfti#

vinyl /'vainl/ noun [U] 1 a strong plastic that can bend easily, used for making wall, floor and furniture coverings, book covers, and, especially in the past, records £ it*; 4; ( AfitlHBl )'jEftiPiAW

WM 2 records made of vinyl, in contrast to CDs Pg A ; H B| A_: My dad had to buy CDs of all the albums he already owned on vinyl. HH

awmiwiawcd mo

viol /'vaial/ noun an early type of musical instrument with strings, shaped like a violin ( — ##-$1

)

viola /vi'aula; NAmE -'ou-/ noun a musical instrument with strings, that you hold under your chin and play with a bow. A viola is larger than a violin and plays lower notes. a viola player AH# A — picture

0 PAGE R8

vio late /'vaialeit/ verb [VN] 1 {formal) to go against or refuse to obey a law, an agreement, etc. 14 A, 14 2G, 14 W ( -fefriiiC# ) mm FLOUT: to violate international law 14 Jx S ^ 2 {formal) to disturb or not

respect sb’s peace, privacy, etc. ftjfE ( BtAA# ) ; {£A ^#$t; Mtfc: She accused the press photographers of violating her privacy, ta M $r AJ Wl f/ id # fM 7 M W 11

fU₀ 3 to damage or destroy a holy or special place ^ ) mm desecrate: to violate a grave Mijr/XM 4 {literary or old-fashioned) to force sb to have sex jg$f; #Ff§ mm rape ► vio la tion /.vaia'leijn/ noun [U, C]: They were in open violation of the treaty, life Cl 14 S. & W o <> gross violations of human rights ^ A&WM^St vio-la-tor noun violence 0-w /‘vaialans/ noun[U]

1 ~ (against sb) violent behaviour that is intended to hurt or kill sb If fj ; H fj : crimes/acts/threats of violence HMj AE fl i ff kl / M o He condemned the protesters’use of violence against the police.

# X't W % II fj o o domestic violence (= between family members) iCHUA 0 Why do they always have to resort to violence? A fF Mlfll & H A H ijf it H A ^ Rl ^|Jjg? o Violence broke out/erupted inside the prison last night. o Is there too much

sex and violence on TV? Wfefi/flllAK-r?

2 physical or emotional force and energy #1#;

$L W h M: The violence of her feelings surprised him.

vio lent 0-w /‘varalant/ adj.

1 involving or caused by physical force that is intended

to hurt or kill sb H fj W; M H {ft: violent crime H fj 2E P o Students were involved in violent clashes with the police. ¥ A fn A A 7 41 A 14 31 o 0 He met with a

violent death (= he was murdered, killed in a fight, etc.) fit if H A SSC/E₀ 0 Her husband was a violent man. MilAJiAffillWAo 0 The crowd suddenly turned violent. A §¥ A % t& $ A ft & A ft * A» o Children should not be allowed to watch violent movies (= that show a lot of violence). A M ft iAJL M if H A ₀

2 showing or caused by very strong emotion

W‘, $rlf W; : There was a violent reaction from the public. & fo W JfL Jf& M B „ 3 very strong

and sudden M 6^1; Jgt| B ® B 65 mm intense, severe: I took a violent dislike to him. ficfllitKftko o a violent explosion IN 0 (ft HI ft 0 a violent change 'Mit o a violent headache 4 (of a colour Mfe)

extremely bright ® B@ &■): Her dress was a violent pink.

| 2245 virginity

vio lent ly CHw /yaialantli/ adv.

3 with great energy or strong movement, especially

caused by a strong emotion such as fear or hatred MB J&; She shook her head violently. IfaWrlfcMzko

0 to shiver violently MiJ B Hfe M f4 2 very strongly or severely He was violently sick, fife^

0 They are violently opposed to the idea, ftfe f|H !j& m.S. ^ c 3 in a way that involves physical violence 12<J S Hk; *810 Jfe: The crowd reacted

violently. A#8tfit®$lo

vio-let /'vaialat/ noun 1 [C] a small wild or garden plant with purple or white flowers with a sweet smell that appear in spring % ^ 2 [U] a bluish-purple colour

i.% ^ ^ ^ : dressed in violet

► vio-let ad/._: violet eyes ^ ^ II 0f ITiTTI see

shrink v.

violin /.vaia'lin/ noun a musical instrument with strings, that you hold under your chin and play with a bow /h$t#: Brahms’ violin concerto

H $ — picture o page R8 — compare viola — see also FIDDLE M. (1)

vio lin ist /.vaia'lmist/ noun a person who plays a violin

vio list noun 1 /vTaulist; NAmE -'oul-/ a person who plays a viola 4*H3^; /'vaialist/ a

person who plays a viol

vio lon cello /.vaialan'tjelau; A/zXmH -lou/ noun {pi. -os) (formal) = cello

VIP /,vi: ai 'pi:/ noun a famous or important person who is treated in a special way (abbreviation for Very Important Person’) HA, Very Important

Person ) mm celebrity, dignitary : the VIP lounge o to get the VIP treatment

viper /'vaipa(r)/ noun 1 a small poisonous snake &£ ( - # /h $ AS ) 2 {formal) a person who harms other people 1%^^A

vir-ago /vi'raigau; /VAmf -goo/ noun {pi. -os) {literary, disapproving) a woman who is aggressive and tries to tell people what to do

viral /'vairal/ ad/ like or caused by a virus 14 W; a viral infection o a

viral email (= that is sent on from one person to others, who then send it on again)

viral marketing noun [U] a way of advertising in which information about a company’s products or services is sent by email to people who then send it on by email to other people they know fit ( 11 it

virgin /'V3:d3in; NAmE’v3:rd3-/ noun, adj.

3 noun 1 [C] a person who has never had sex Se #1

4 the (Blessed) Virgin [sing.] the Virgin Mary, mother

of Jesus Christ 1g 3,4*1 M ( ) 3 [C] a person

who has no experience of a particular activity

WA; Dt¥•: a political virgin A!IA o an Internet virgin [*<]

4 adj. 1 [usually before noun] in its original pure or natural

condition and not changed, touched or spoiled A/FA ftj; virgin

forestAand/territory ; fihAAk; AJFAHK

0 virgin snow (= fresh and not marked) |ff If 2 [only before noun] with no sexual experience fdiA W ; j/tfn (ft ; a virgin bride flS i#r 46 o the virgin

birth {= the belief that Mary was a virgin before and after giving birth to Jesus)

vir gin al /'V3:d3inl; NAmE 'V3:rd3-/ adj. of or like a virgin; pure and innocent C$ ) (ft;

W; She was dressed in virginal white.

Virginia creep-er /va,d3mi0 'kri:pa(r); NAmE var'd3-/ noun [U, C] a climbing plant, often grown on walls, with large leaves that turn red in the autumn/fall 3l Of ftk

m, fcWJMJRiUlft (

fife)

vir-gin-ity /v0'd3in0ti; NAmE V0r'd3-/ noun [U] the state of being a virgin A Helost